A Lung Cancer Vaccine Just Entered Human Trials in Seven Countries

Last updated on 26 AUG 2025

The syringe contained no poison to kill cancer cells, no radioactive particles to burn through tissue, no harsh chemicals to ravage a patient’s body. Instead, it held something far more revolutionary: a set of molecular instructions that would transform a 67-year-old scientist’s immune system into a personalized cancer-hunting army.

Janusz Racz didn’t know it as he rolled up his sleeve in that London hospital room, but he was about to make medical history. The clear liquid entering his bloodstream represented the convergence of decades of immunology research, pandemic-era mRNA breakthroughs, and humanity’s relentless war against its most feared enemy.

This wasn’t just another clinical trial. Across seven countries, 130 carefully selected patients are testing whether we can finally teach our bodies to remember cancer the way they remember measles or polio—and eliminate it just as effectively. If they’re right, lung cancer’s reign as the world’s deadliest malignancy may finally be coming to an end.

The Deadliest Enemy in Medicine

Every year, lung cancer claims 1.8 million lives worldwide – more than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined. Despite decades of research and billions in funding, it remains stubbornly lethal, particularly in its most common form: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for about 85% of all cases.

The statistics paint a grim picture. Once lung cancer spreads beyond its original site, five-year survival rates plummet. Even with modern treatments, most patients with advanced disease survive less than two years. Traditional therapies – surgery, radiation, chemotherapy – often come with devastating side effects and frequently fail to prevent the cancer from returning.

Geography adds another layer of complexity. Some regions face disproportionately high rates of lung cancer. Liverpool and the surrounding Merseyside area, for instance, have battle incidence rates well above the UK average, making this trial particularly significant for local communities. Industrial history, smoking patterns, and genetic factors all contribute to these regional disparities.

Current treatments work by attacking cancer directly, but they’re blunt instruments. Chemotherapy poisons rapidly dividing cells throughout the body. Radiation burns through tissue. Even newer immunotherapies, while more targeted, help only a fraction of patients. What’s been missing is a way to train the immune system to recognize and remember cancer cells, to hunt them down wherever they hide, and to prevent them from ever gaining a foothold again.

Training Your Body’s Personal Army

BNT116 represents a fundamental shift in how we think about fighting cancer. Rather than attacking tumors directly, it teaches your immune system to do the job itself. The approach builds on the same mRNA technology that BioNTech used to create COVID-19 vaccines, but with a crucial difference: instead of training your body to recognize a virus, it’s teaching it to identify cancer.

The vaccine works by introducing mRNA – essentially biological instructions – that prompt cells to produce specific proteins found on lung cancer tumors. These proteins, called tumor-associated antigens, act like warning flags. The vaccine targets six of them: CLDN6, KK-LC-1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-C1, and PRAME. When your immune system encounters these flags, it learns to recognize them as enemies.

Think of it like showing a photo of a criminal to every police officer in a city. Once they know what to look for, they can spot the threat anywhere. Similarly, once your immune system learns these cancer markers, it can identify and destroy cancer cells throughout your body, even in places where traditional treatments can’t reach.

The beauty of this approach lies in its precision. Unlike chemotherapy, which damages healthy cells along with cancerous ones, BNT116 only targets cells displaying these specific cancer markers. Normal lung cells don’t carry these flags, so they remain untouched. Patients receive the vaccine alongside immunotherapy drugs, creating a one-two punch: the vaccine teaches the immune system what to attack, while immunotherapy removes the brakes that normally prevent immune cells from going after cancer.

A Global Mission to End Cancer

The scope of this trial reflects both scientific ambition and urgent medical need. Across the UK, the US, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Spain, and Turkey, 34 research centers have opened their doors to approximately 130 carefully selected patients. Each participant represents a different stage of lung cancer’s progression, from early-stage disease before surgery to advanced cancers that have resisted other treatments.

The UK leads with six trial sites spread across England and Wales, expecting to enroll about 20 patients. University College London Hospitals (UCLH) serves as the UK’s coordinating center, with the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre in Liverpool playing a crucial role given the region’s high lung cancer rates. Each site brings specialized expertise and access to diverse patient populations.

Patient selection involves careful screening. Participants must have confirmed NSCLC with specific biomarkers, including PD-L1 expression levels that suggest they might respond to immunotherapy. The trial includes even frail patients who can’t tolerate traditional chemotherapy, offering hope to those with limited options.

The treatment schedule demands commitment. Patients receive six initial injections, each containing different RNA strands, delivered five minutes apart over a 30-minute session. These weekly doses continue for six weeks, followed by maintenance injections every three weeks for 54 weeks – over a year of treatment designed to build and maintain immune memory. Throughout this time, researchers monitor everything: tumor response, immune activation, side effects, and long-term outcomes.

The Moment Everything Changed

When Janusz Racz learned about the trial, his decision came quickly. As a scientist specializing in artificial intelligence, he understood both the risks and potential rewards of experimental treatment. Diagnosed with lung cancer in May, he’d already endured chemotherapy and radiation. The vaccine offered something different – a chance to contribute to scientific progress while potentially saving his own life.

On that Tuesday morning at UCLH, Racz became part of medical history. Six consecutive injections over 30 minutes introduced the revolutionary treatment into his bloodstream. No dramatic reactions, no immediate transformations – just the quiet beginning of what researchers hope will be a new chapter in cancer treatment. “I’ve been in lung cancer research for 40 years now,” reflected Prof Siow Ming Lee, who leads the UK trial, marking the significance of this moment.

Across the trial sites, similar scenes unfold. Each participant brings their own story, their hopes. Some, like Adrian Taylor from Wirral, have already seen remarkable results from earlier cancer vaccine trials. Taylor, whose head and neck cancer had spread to his lung, watched his disease nearly disappear after receiving a similar BioNTech vaccine last year. His experience offers a glimpse of what might be possible.

These early participants understand they’re not just patients but pioneers. They’re testing a treatment that, if successful, could benefit millions. Some are motivated by scientific curiosity, others by the hope of more time with loved ones. Racz dreams of completing the London Marathon once his treatment ends – a goal that seemed impossible just months ago.

Early Victory Signals from the Immune Front

While the main trial has just begun, preliminary data from related studies offer remarkable encouragement. In a cohort of frail patients who couldn’t tolerate traditional chemotherapy, BNT116 combined with immunotherapy produced striking results. “The confirmed objective response rate was 45%,” according to clinical trial data, meaning nearly half of the patients saw their tumors shrink significantly.

Even more impressive, 80% of patients achieved disease control, meaning their cancer either shrank or stopped growing. The median progression-free survival reached 9.9 months, far exceeding what these frail patients might expect from supportive care alone. These weren’t just statistical improvements; they represented real people gaining precious time.

Blood tests revealed the mechanism behind these results. Patients mounted robust immune responses, with T-cells learning to recognize multiple tumor markers. Molecular analysis showed these responses beginning as early as three weeks after treatment. The vaccine was waking up immune systems that cancer had learned to evade.

Why This Vaccine Changes the Game for Cancer Treatment

BNT116 represents more than just another treatment option – it’s a fundamental shift in how we approach cancer. Traditional therapies treat cancer as something to be destroyed. This vaccine treats it as something to be remembered. By training the immune system to recognize cancer markers, it creates a living surveillance system that could potentially prevent cancer from ever returning.

“This technology is the next big phase of cancer treatment,” notes Prof Lee, and the implications extend far beyond individual patients. If successful, this approach could transform lung cancer from a disease requiring lifelong vigilance to one that’s genuinely curable. Instead of wondering when cancer might return, patients could trust their immune systems to prevent recurrence.

The personalized nature of mRNA technology adds another dimension. While BNT116 targets six common lung cancer markers, future versions could be tailored to individual tumors. Imagine a world where doctors sequence your cancer’s DNA and create a custom vaccine targeting its unique vulnerabilities. This isn’t science fiction – it’s the logical next step.

The Dawn of a New Era in Cancer Care

As Janusz Racz completes his vaccination schedule and dreams of running the London Marathon, his journey represents something larger than one man’s fight against cancer. Every injection site across seven countries, every patient monitoring appointment, every immune system learning to recognize new enemies—it all points toward a fundamental transformation in how we battle disease.

The same technology that helped humanity survive a pandemic is now being weaponized against cancer itself. But this time, instead of preventing infection, we’re preventing recurrence. Instead of temporary immunity, we’re building permanent surveillance systems within our bodies.

For the families watching loved ones battle lung cancer, for the 1.8 million people diagnosed annually worldwide, and for future generations who may never have to fear this disease, these 130 trial participants carry an extraordinary burden of hope. They’re not just fighting for their own lives—they’re fighting for all of ours.

The age of cancer vaccines has begun. And if early results hold, it may be the beginning of the end for humanity’s most formidable foe.

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